Category: Manuscript

Greenwashing through the Eyes of Independent Auditors: Evidence from a Latent Class Analysis

Posted on Tuesday July 21st, 2026Thursday July 23rd, 2026 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	Greenwashing through the Eyes of Independent Auditors: Evidence from a Latent Class Analysis
Author(s):	Yasemin Acar Uğurlu, Beylem Çelik
Volume:	17
Number:	3
Year:	2026
Page:	479-499
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2026.508

Abstract

This study examines the heterogeneity in auditors’ perceptions of greenwashing and their evaluations of their professional roles in this context. Based on survey data collected from 216 independent auditors operating in Türkiye, the results of the latent class analysis (LCA) identify three distinct auditor profiles: “low risk perception auditors”, who exhibit a low level of concern regarding greenwashing; “high risk perception auditors”, characterized by high awareness and strong ethical motivation; and “moderate risk perception auditors”, representing the mainstream group with moderate evaluations. The results of the three-stage Bolck-Croon-Hagenaars (BCH) analysis indicate that demographic and occupational characteristics, such as professional experience and educational level, are significant predictors of class membership. Although the age variable indicated a statistically significant difference in univariate analyses, it lost its independent explanatory power in the multivariate model due to the high variance it shared with professional experience and hierarchical position. This finding suggests that the effect of age is shaped through experience and job description rather than acting directly. The findings reveal that auditors’ perceptions of greenwashing do not display a homogeneous structure. This suggests the need to develop targeted training programs and strengthen existing auditing standards to enable more effective detection of misleading environmental disclosures. By empirically identifying and profiling the unobserved heterogeneity within the auditing profession regarding sustainability-related issues, this research contributes to the existing literature.

Keywords:

Greenwashing, Latent Class Analysis (LCA), Auditor Perception, Sustainability Reporting, Auditing Profession

JEL Classification:

M40, M41, Q56

Full Text ( ↓ 138)

Emotional Labor and Burnout Among Nurses: A Meta-Analysis

Posted on Tuesday July 21st, 2026Thursday July 23rd, 2026 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	Emotional Labor and Burnout Among Nurses: A Meta-Analysis
Author(s):	Enes Kaya
Volume:	17
Number:	3
Year:	2026
Page:	463-478
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2026.507

Abstract

Nursing is among the professions that require a high level of emotional labor due to intensive interaction with patients and their families. The necessity for nurses to regulate their emotions in accordance with organizational expectations may lead to the depletion of psychological resources and an increase in burnout levels over time. Although many studies in the literature examine the relationship between emotional labor and burnout, meta-analytic studies that comprehensively reveal the overall direction and magnitude of this relationship remain limited. The aim of this research is to evaluate the relationship between emotional labor and burnout among nurses using a systematic review and meta-analysis method. In line with the determined inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of seven independent studies were included in the meta-analysis. Correlation-based effect sizes were used in the analyses and a random effects model was preferred. The findings revealed a positive, moderate, and statistically significant relationship between emotional labor and burnout among nurses. The results indicate that as emotional labor increases, burnout levels also increase. Developing supportive organizational practices, balancing workloads, and strengthening psychosocial support mechanisms are important to reduce the emotional burden of nurses.

Keywords:

Emotional Labor, Burnout, Nurse, Meta-Analysis, Systematic Review

JEL Classification:

I10, I00, I12,D23

Full Text ( ↓ 160)

Capital Adequacy and Bank Profitability in Türkiye: System GMM Evidence

Posted on Tuesday July 21st, 2026Thursday July 23rd, 2026 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	Capital Adequacy and Bank Profitability in Türkiye: System GMM Evidence
Author(s):	Hale Kırer Silva Lecuna, Muhammed Mustafa Tuncer Çalışkan
Volume:	17
Number:	3
Year:	2026
Page:	447-461
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2026.506

Abstract

This study provides an in-depth analysis of the determinants of bank profitability in Türkiye using a dynamic panel dataset of 420 observations from 21 Turkish banks over the 2004–2023 period. The system generalized method of moments (GMM) is employed to address endogeneity, autocorrelation, and heteroscedasticity while capturing the persistence of financial performance. The empirical results statistically confirm a positive relationship between capital adequacy and return on assets (ROA). The foreign-currency asset ratio and the used-credit ratio are negative, whereas branch efficiency and inflation are positive and significant. The single effect of the policy interest rate is not statistically significant, while the interest–inflation interaction is negative and significant at the 10% level. Robustness and period-stability analyses indicate that the sign of the capital adequacy coefficient remains positive across specifications, but that the magnitude and statistical precision of the effect vary across sub-periods. The study emphasizes that capital buffers may support profitability, yet that policy implications should be drawn with period heterogeneity in mind, and that banks should prioritize operational efficiency to optimize long-term financial outcomes in a volatile economic environment.

Keywords:

Bank Profitability, Capital Adequacy, Liquidity, Inflation, System GMM

JEL Classification:

G21, G32, E44, C23

Full Text ( ↓ 169)

Do Financial Markets Predict Geopolitical Risk? Panel Causality Findings

Posted on Tuesday July 21st, 2026Thursday July 23rd, 2026 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	Do Financial Markets Predict Geopolitical Risk? Panel Causality Findings
Author(s):	Berna Doğan Başar, Muhammed Fatih Yürük
Volume:	17
Number:	3
Year:	2026
Page:	433-445
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2026.505

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between global and country-specific geopolitical risk indices and stock market index returns in selected developed and developing countries. Monthly data on geopolitical risk indices and stock market indices for the period from January 2002 to February 2026 were analyzed using the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test. The findings indicate substantial differences in the direction and scope of the relationship between the variables. At the panel level, no causality is detected from geopolitical risk levels to stock market returns. However, unidirectional causality is identified from stock market returns to both global geopolitical risk and country-specific geopolitical risk levels. The country-specific findings show bidirectional causality between global geopolitical risk and stock market returns in Türkiye. Conversely, there is a unidirectional relationship running from stock market returns to global geopolitical risk in the United Kingdom, Japan, and South Africa. Similarly, unidirectional causality from stock market returns to country-specific geopolitical risk is observed for Brazil, China, and Germany.

Keywords:

Geopolitical Risk, Stock Market Returns, Dumitrescu-Hurlin Test, Financial Markets

JEL Classification:

G14, C33, F30

Full Text ( ↓ 150)

The Evolution of Circular Supply Chain Management Research Through the Lens of Sustainable Development Goals: A Bibliometric Review

Posted on Tuesday July 21st, 2026Thursday July 23rd, 2026 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	The Evolution of Circular Supply Chain Management Research Through the Lens of Sustainable Development Goals: A Bibliometric Review
Author(s):	Elif Koç, Mujde Aksoy
Volume:	17
Number:	3
Year:	2026
Page:	403-432
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2026.504

Abstract

The circular economy is a pivotal framework for integrating economic growth with environmental sustainability. Given that the circular economy requires a transition from traditional linear production systems to regenerative and resource-efficient patterns, the transformation of supply chains is substantial. In such a context, circular supply chain management (CSCM) becomes a significant mechanism for implementing circular economy principles. Understanding how CSCM research contributes to broader sustainability objectives, particularly the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), has therefore become increasingly important. This study aims to review the CSCM literature, identify major research trends, and evaluate the field from an SDG perspective. We conducted a bibliometric analysis of 1,210 articles published in journals indexed in the Web of Science database between 2010 and November 2025. Using VOSviewer, the intellectual structure of the field was visualized through analyses of countries, institutions, journals, authors, and documents. The findings reveal that CSCM research is primarily aligned with SDG 9, SDG 12, and SDG 13, and is increasingly characterized by themes of digital transformation, supply chain resilience, and risk management. Based on these insights, a future research agenda is proposed to support both academic research and practical implementation.

Keywords:

Circular Economy, Supply Chain Management (SCM), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Sustainability, Closed-loop Supply Chains, Bibliometric Analysis

JEL Classification:

Q56, C38

Full Text ( ↓ 191)

Does Field of Study Shape the Hourly Wage Distribution? Evidence from Quantile Regression

Posted on Tuesday July 21st, 2026Thursday July 23rd, 2026 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	Does Field of Study Shape the Hourly Wage Distribution? Evidence from Quantile Regression
Author(s):	Hayriye Özgül Özkan Değirmenci
Volume:	17
Number:	3
Year:	2026
Page:	377-401
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2026.503

Abstract

Higher education expansion in Türkiye has sharply increased the supply of bachelor’s degree graduates, yet how field of study is associated with wages across the conditional wage distribution remains insufficiently examined. Using 2024 Household Labour Force Survey microdata, this study estimates weighted conditional quantile regressions for bachelor’s degree wage workers. Fields are grouped using ISCED-F 2013, with Business and Law as the reference category. Results reveal substantial distributional heterogeneity in field-of-study wage associations. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics graduates show the largest and most distribution-sensitive conditional wage advantage, increasing from lower to upper conditional quantiles. Education graduates exhibit a hump-shaped profile peaking at Q75, while Health and Veterinary graduates show a declining association from Q10 to Q90. These patterns are consistent with differences in sectoral allocation, public-sector concentration, and institutionally structured wage-setting, but should be interpreted as conditional associations rather than causal returns. Humanities and Arts graduates do not display statistically significant wage associations at individual quantiles. Overall, the findings show that OLS estimates mask important distributional differences and support more systematic monitoring of field-specific labor market outcomes in higher education planning and career guidance.

Keywords:

Field of Study, Wage Structure, Quantile Regression, Higher Education, Türkiye

JEL Classification:

C21, I26, J31

Full Text ( ↓ 132)

Determinants of Türkiye’s Liner Shipping Connectivity Index: Uncertainty, Trade, and Exchange Rates

Posted on Tuesday July 21st, 2026Thursday July 23rd, 2026 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	Determinants of Türkiye’s Liner Shipping Connectivity Index: Uncertainty, Trade, and Exchange Rates
Author(s):	Barış Ülker
Volume:	17
Number:	3
Year:	2026
Page:	359-376
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2026.502

Abstract

This study examines the impact of global uncertainty, foreign trade volume, and the real effective exchange rate on Türkiye’s Liner Shipping Connectivity Index. It applies a partially asymmetric NARDL model to quarterly data for 2010Q1-2025Q3 period. The results show that global uncertainty is positively associated with liner shipping connectivity in both the short and long run. Import volume emerges as the dominant long run determinant of connectivity, with import contractions exerting a stronger negative effect than the positive effect generated by expansions. Export expansion affects liner shipping connectivity only over longer horizons while real appreciation provides statistically weak evidence of a positive effect on connectivity. These findings indicate Türkiye’s maritime connectivity is shaped by asymmetric and horizon dependent mechanisms beyond trade volume alone. Overall, the results suggest that liner shipping rigidity, carrier adjustment behavior, import dependence, supply chain resilience and Türkiye’s strategic transit position are important factors in explaining maritime connectivity dynamics. They also suggest that policy priorities should include stable import related cargo flows, service continuity, port efficiency and readiness for route reconfiguration within changing global liner shipping networks.

Keywords:

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, Global Uncertainty, Trade Volume, Exchange Rates, Asymmetry

JEL Classification:

F14, C32, R41

Full Text ( ↓ 176)

Human Development and Technological Progress in Türkiye: New Evidence from Multiple Structural Breaks

Posted on Tuesday July 21st, 2026Thursday July 23rd, 2026 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	Human Development and Technological Progress in Türkiye: New Evidence from Multiple Structural Breaks
Author(s):	Faruk Mike, Oktay Kızılkaya, İbrahim Ethem Akyıldız
Volume:	17
Number:	3
Year:	2026
Page:	347-358
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2026.501

Abstract

This study examines the long-run relationship between human development and technological progress in Türkiye over the period 1990–2023. Technological progress is proxied by patent counts, while human development, trade openness, and economic policy uncertainty are included as explanatory variables. To account for possible regime changes in the Turkish economy, the analysis employs advanced time-series techniques that allow for structural breaks. First, the Zivot–Andrews unit root test is used to determine the order of integration under endogenous breaks. Second, the Maki cointegration test is applied to investigate long-run relationships in the presence of multiple structural breaks. Finally, long-run coefficients are estimated by the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), the dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS), and the canonical cointegration regression (CCR) estimators. The findings reveal that human development has a positive and statistically significant effect on technological progress in Türkiye. Trade openness also supports patent production, whereas economic policy uncertainty weakens it. Overall, the results suggest that technological progress depends not only on economic incentives but also on broader human development conditions and macroeconomic stability.

Keywords:

Human Development, Technological Progress, Time-series Analysis, Türkiye

JEL Classification:

O15, O3, O33

Full Text ( ↓ 197)

From Soft Skills to Green Skills: Redefining Employability in the Age of Sustainability

Posted on Friday April 17th, 2026Friday April 24th, 2026 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	From Soft Skills to Green Skills: Redefining Employability in the Age of Sustainability
Author(s):	Pınar Sarp Hüseyin
Volume:	17
Number:	2
Year:	2026
Page:	329-346
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2026.500

Abstract

This qualitative study examines the strategic role of green skills in the sustainability transformation of organisations. Based on in-depth interviews, the research reveals the views of different employees regarding green skills, examining how these competencies are integrated into organisational structures. By adopting a workforce perspective, the study highlights how green skills are developed in practice within professional environments and why they are becoming increasingly necessary. The findings show that green skills have evolved from basic environmental awareness into strategic capabilities that support organisational competitiveness and resilience. The analysis identifies six core themes: forecasting future skill disruptions, technical and solution-oriented skill demands, green skills as a tool for adaptation and transformation, integration into human resources strategy, social implications, and sustainability data analytics and information presentation. These themes provide a framework for understanding how green skills are interpreted and applied across organisational contexts. The study further indicates that green skills should be more systematically integrated into job design, training, and performance evaluation processes, supporting organisational workforce adaptation to sustainability-oriented models. In conclusion, the research demonstrates that green skills are not merely an environmental requirement but a key component of workforce strategies and the broader sustainability transformation.

Keywords:

Green Skills, Sustainability Transformation, Workforce Adaptation

JEL Classification:

Q56, J24

Full Text ( ↓ 938)

Examining the Effect of Work Meaningfulness on Extra-Role Behavior

Posted on Friday April 17th, 2026Friday April 24th, 2026 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	Examining the Effect of Work Meaningfulness on Extra-Role Behavior
Author(s):	Nihan Yavuz Aksakal
Volume:	17
Number:	2
Year:	2026
Page:	309-327
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2026.499

Abstract

Meaningfulness of work is an individual’s psychological assessment and perception of the importance of their work and its positive meaning for them. Extra-role behavior, on the other hand, is behavior exhibited voluntarily by employees that goes beyond organizational needs and creates benefits for the organization. Complexity, uncertainty, and intense competition are prominent in the 21st century workplace. In such an environment, employees’ perception of their work as meaningful is considered a key element for both individuals and organizations. A meaningful perception of work can lead employees to voluntarily engage in additional behaviors beyond their roles. In this context, the aim of the study is to examine the effects of the meaningfulness of work and its sub-dimensions on extra-role behavior. Data were collected from 300 participants using a convenience sampling method. Correlation and regression analyses were used in data analysis. The results of the study revealed that meaningfulness of work has an impact on extra-role behavior. Creating meaning from work is arguably the most influential factor in extra-role behavior. Therefore, it is crucial for organizations to develop job design, tasks, and responsibilities that foster the creation of meaning from work. Since the study is handled within the framework of sub-dimensions related to the meaningfulness of the work, it is aimed to contribute to the literature and practice.

Keywords:

Meaningfulness of Work, Extra-Role Behavior, Positive Meaning, Meaning Making Through Work, Greater Good Motivations

JEL Classification:

I31, M12, M54

Full Text ( ↓ 749)